…gradually implying chronic effects is essential to understanding and eventually reducing their risk. Annual data do not contain this information. Chronic environmental effects require long-term studies to determine properly their…
…of retailing these goods in the costly real estate of Dallas or New York. Sales of fuel wood in cities now are, of course, limited to decorative logs providing emotional warmth. Biomass…
…cost money. The engineer nodded his head vigorously. He did not expect such a great favor for nothing. That was understood. A special document does not come cheap. Morgulyev was…
…development, and government “cost-sharing” for clean coal plants. These subsidies should stop. Clean coal is an oxymoron, and the technologies that seek it are costly to install and complicated to…
…say the Internet for short, have started vigorously in only a few countries, particularly the United States. The Internet vastly reduces transaction costs, in money and time, and thus can…
…clippers, like garden shears, to cut the nets of British fishing trawlers, causing the loss of both nets and catches. Iceland broke diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom for a…
…innovations, machines and chemicals, especially the latter, hugely increased yields. After World War II, the automobile industry produced solid, cheap, dependable tractors. A tractor pulls as powerfully as 10 to…
…panel, convened by the EPA, that reviewed a list of 31 environmental problems. The problems were evaluated according to four different risk criteria: cancer-related effects, noncancer health effects, ecological e…
…Legislation, such as the U.S. Clean Water Act of 1972, encouraged reduction of discharges and recycling and conservation as well as shifts in relative prices. Although water treatment may cost…
…does not affect the surroundings. If the improved variety resists pests, it lessens the external effects of pesticides compared to a sprayed crop. By minimally changing the external effects of…