In 17 September 2007 Zootaxa (open access full article) researchers from Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC, Madrid, make a plea for routinely incorporating standardized DNA sequence analysis, ie DNA barcoding, into modern taxonomic practice. In their view, “integrative taxonomists should use and produce DNA barcodes.” Of course, this is already happening in many areas, but new practices diffuse slowly through the fragmented world of taxonomy, and so Padial and de la Riva’s exhortation is an important step. With growing DNA barcode libraries and increasingly inexpensive sequencing technologies, DNA testing will likely be the fastest way to sort specimens into species and will enable identification of multiple forms that now go unnamed or misidentified while waiting for an expert, waiting for eggs and larva to mature, or waiting to find an identifiable adult male or a recognizable fragment in stomach contents.
One might view taxonomic science as an effort to construct detailed, reliable “maps” of species and their historical relationships. Adopting Padial’s and de la Riva’s advice to routinely “use and produce DNA barcodes” will speed taxonomic research and, more importantly, will naturally produce a “map of species” with general scientific and public utility. Few persons can have the requisite knowledge to distinguish larval fish for example, whereas anyone can submit a sample for DNA sequence analysis. In this way, a DNA barcode library is a map of species, one that anyone can read with the right device, a DNA sequencer. Of course, more work is needed to identify the best approaches for assigning sequences to named species and for flagging divergent sequence clusters that might represent new species. With improved analytic software and as more species and specimens per species are analyzed, the reliability of DNA barcode maps will increase. Based on results so far, I expect rapid growth in mail-order identification services, analogous to today’s DNA ancestry companies, that do DNA barcode analysis of submitted specimens, and, as others have envisioned, soon enough there will be table-top or hand-held devices that pinpoint where the specimen in hand belongs on the biodiversity map. Best wishes to all this holiday season!
“Adopting Padial’s and de la Riva’s advice to routinely “use and produce DNA barcodes” will speed taxonomic research and, more importantly, will naturally produce a “map of species” with general scientific and public utility.”
Very good point and a concept which should be taken on board throughout the Taxonomic industry. Lets just hope there’s no infrastructure issues on the introduction of this kind of large-scale communication concept with DNA barcodes. Hopefully some of Padial’s advice and guidance will be taken into account.
Another point which should noted is that Fossils and Prehistoric remains would also be classified through this means.
Mark Stoeckle replies: DNA can be recovered from some ancient samples (see for example Lambert et al 2005 “Is a large-scale inventory of ancient life possible? ( http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/esi035v1 ) although not from fossils.