Learning actors’ leverage for change along the journey to sustainability requires quantifying the component forces of environmental impact and integrating them. Population, income, consumers behavior, and producers efficiency jointly force impact. Here, we renovate the IPAT Identity to identify actors with the forces. Forcing impact Im are:
P for population,
A for income as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita,
C for intensity of use as a good per GDP, and
T for efficiency ratios as impact per good.
In the ImPACT Identity, parents modify P, workers modify A, consumers modify C, and producers modify T. Because annual percentage changes in component forces add to a change in national impact, actors leverage is reflected transparently in consistent units of annual percentage changes that can be compared from force to force. Examples from energy and food, farming and manufacturing, and steel and water show that declining C, called dematerialization, can temper the sustainability challenge of growth (P × A), and that innovation or efficient technology that lowers T can counter rising consumption (P × A × C). Income elasticity can accommodate connections between income and other forces. From rates of change of forces, the identity can forecast impacts. Alternatively, by identifying the necessary change in forces to cause a projected impact, ImPACT can assay the likelihood and practicability of environmental targets and timetables. An annual 2-3% progress in consumption and technology over many decades and sectors provides a benchmark for sustainability.
Publications about The ImPACT Identity
. Peak Farmland and the Prospect for Land Sparing (PDF). Population and Development Review 38 (Supplement): 217–238, 2012
. A National and International Analysis of Changing Forest Density [external link]. PLoS ONE 6 (5): 2011 timber volume, forest density, carbon sequestration
. Dematerialization: variety, caution, and persistence [external link]. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105 (35): 12774–12779, 2008 10.1073/pnas.0806099105 D Dematerialization, Consumption, carbon, cropland, energy, fertilizer, impact
. Quandaries of forest area, volume, biomass, and carbon explored with the forest identity [external link]. Pp. 13 pp in Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 1011 2007 Forest, tree volume, carbon sequestration, allometry
. A Framework for Sustainability Science: A Renovated IPAT Identity (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U S A 99 (12): 7860–7865, 2002 environmental Impact identity, population, affluence, impact identity
. Searching for Leverage to Conserve Forests: The Industrial Ecology of Wood Products in the United States Journal of Industrial Ecology 1 (3): 125–145, 1997 agriculture, forest land, forest management, forestry, forests, industrial ecology, intensity of use, land use, material efficiency, timer removals, wood products
Supplements to the ImPACT Identity
From time to time updates and additional supplements to the ImPACT
paper will be provided by the authors in response to questions and new
work.
Supplement 1: Do consumers’ behavior and producers’
efficiency move in consistent patterns? View the
PowerPoint presentation.
Supplement 2: Air Travel — the example of Materialization. View the PowerPoint presentation.
Supplement 3: New ways to visualize the ImPACT identity and its
forces. View the PowerPoint presentation.
Supplement 4: The Sustainability Plane — sustainability as a journey on
a plane to richer & cleaner coordinates in a short text and six slides.
View the PowerPoint presentation or
Word document.
Supplement 5: With a victory over trash,
New York City traced an environmental Kuznets Curve on the sustainability
plane during the 20th Century.
View the article (PDF).
Supplement 6: DynaCad, a simulator of cadmium flow from zinc processing
and cadmium recovery through the manufacturing, use, and exhaustion of products.
Download the model (Excel spreadsheet).